Research

Groundwater contamination in the Coastal Plain Aquifer:

TCE, Cr explosives (and their derivatives), perchlorate and EDB were detected in drinking water pumped from the Coastal Plain Aquifer between the cities of Tel Aviv and Herzlia. The contamination may be related to the Israeli weapon manufacturing facility in this area, among other potential sources. The study involves 3-D mapping of the extent of the various contaminant plumes, an evaluation of their migration rate and directions, their spontaneous and enhanced biodgradation, and a risk assessment to potable water resources. Funding for the project has been provided by the Israeli Water Authority. Eilon Adar from the Ben Gurion University of the Negev is the other coordinator of this project. Other partners include Ofer Dahan, Noam Weisbrod, Alex Yakirewitch, Arie Issar, Rony Kasher and Zeev Ronen from the Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Yigal Erel from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Ehud Eyal from the Biological Research Institute. Sharon Sagi (Ph.D candidate), Anat Bernstein (Ph.D candidate) and Harel Gal (Ph.D. cadidate), all co-advised by either Eilon Adar and/or Zeev Ronen, are also involved in this project.

The project has been funded by the German and Israeli Ministries of Science and by the Israel Science Foundation.Other partners include Marwan Hassan (The University of British Columbia), Stefan Geyer (UFZ, Leipzig) and Theodor Schmitt (University of Kaiserslautern)and Ofer Dahan (Ben Gurion University of the Negev. Lior Assaf and Dror Shain (Ph.D. and M.Sc. students, respectively; both co-advised by Marwan Hassan) were involved in this project. Yaara Rimon (M.Sc. student, co-advised by Ofer Dahan) is involved in the second phase of the project, emphasizing deep percolation rates and chemistry across the ~30 m thick vadose zone.

The changes in the quantity and chemical and isotopic compositions of precipitation, surface water and pore water in the vadose zone and groundwater, resulting from enhanced growth of urban areas, are being evaluated in the coastal area of the city of Ashdod.

Urbanization and water resources.

Urbanization increases surface flow at the expense of infiltration and groundwater recharge, and the quality of groundwater underlying the city can be affected by various anthropogenic activities.

Completed theses stemming from these projects include:

1) Characterization of a hydrogeological system in an arid zone - the (Eocene) Avdat Group chalk, central and northern Negev, Israel (M.Sc., Ilan Nissim).

(2) Water flow and solute migration through unsaturated chalk-Avdat Group, Ramat Hovav (M.Sc., Ofer Dahan).

(3) Modification of the hydraulic parameters due to interaction between the Eocene chalk and acidic wastewater from the Ramat Hovav Industrial Park (M.Sc., Shimon Tzuk).

(4) The hydraulic conductivity of fracture systems intersecting the Avdat group chalk, Ramat Hovav (M.Sc., Lior Asaf).

(5) Spatial distribution of solute transport along fractures in a saturated chalk formation (M.Sc., Anat Bernstein).

(6) Water flux through fractures in unsaturated chalk (Ph.D., Ofer Dahan).

(7) The interface between fracture surfaces and aqueous solutions in unsaturated chalk: physical, chemical and colloid-generating processes (Ph.D., Noam Weisbrod).

8) Diffusion processes in fractured chalk (Ph.D., Amir Polak).

(9) A stochastic model for groundwater flow in fractured chalk (Ph.D., Menachem Yoel Weiss).

(10) The impact of microbiological processes on groundwater flow and transport of organic contaminants in fractured chalk (Ph.D., Shai Arnon).

Following is a short description of some of the various subprojects being carried out within this framework:

(a) Modeling flow and transport in fractured chalk (Ph.D. thesis of Dan Kurtzman, co-advised by Eilon Adar).

(b) The impact of microbiological processes on groundwater flow and transport of organic contaminants in fractured chalk (Ph.D. thesis of Shai Arnon, Ben Gurion University, co-advised by Eilon Adar and Zeev Ronen).

Eilon Adar from the Ben Gurion University of the Negev is the other coordinator of this project. Other members of the various sub-projects have included Erik Nygaard and Jens Amand from the Danish Geological Survey, Ian Gale, Ann Williams and John Bloomfield from the British Geological Survey, Barbara Reichert, the University of Bonn, Heinz Hoezl from Karlsruhe University, Yoram Rubin from the University of California at Berkeley, Avrami Grader from Penn State University, Ellen Graber from the Volcani Institute, Zeev Ronen from the Ben Gurion University of the Negev and Rony Wallach from the Hebrew University.

Water flow and solute transport in fractured chalk formations:

Water flow and solute transport in fractured chalk formations: The Ramat Hovav Industrial Complex (northern Negev desert) hosts major chemical plants and the country's only site for the treatment and isolation of hazardous waste. The research covers many aspects of contaminant transport in fractured, low-permeability chalk on a variety of scales, and its impact on nearby freshwater resources. Funding has been provided by the Ramat Hovav Industrial Council and the Ministry of the Environment. The theoretical aspects of this research have been funded by the EU and The Basic Research Foundation of the Israel Academy of Sciences.

 

The saline groundwater discharging into the Sea of Galilee, the Dead Sea Transform, Israel.

Carried out with Amos Bein and Gregory Bergelson, funded by the Israeli Water Authority, the Ministry of Sciences and Arts and The Bruno Goldberg Fund (Bergelson et al., 1998, 1999).

Isotopic composition and equilibrium in the water:rock systems related to the Kinneret Brine and their relationships to the brine's origin.

Carried out with Amos Bein and Avner Ayalon from the Israel Geological Survey and Adi Tal. Funded by the Ministry of Science.

Genesis and hydrodynamics of the deep brine underlying the Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee.

Funded by the US Dept. of Energy (Nativ, 1996; Nativ et al., 1997b).

Groundwater contamination in the Ramat Hovav Industrial Complex.

Carried out with Eilon Adar, funded by the Ramat Hovav Industrial Council, The Ministry of the Environment, and The Basic Research Foundation of the Israel Academy of Sciences (Nativ et al., 1995, 1997a, 1999; Dahan et al., 1998, 1999, 2000; Weisbrod et al., 1998, 1999, 2000a,b; Polak et al., 2002, 2003a, 2003b).

Separation of groundwater-flow components in a karstified aquifer using environmental tracers

Carried out with G. Gunay and L. Tezcan from the Hacettepe University, Turkey, H. Hoetzl and B. Reichert from the University of Karlsruhe, Germany, and K. Solomon from the University of Utah, USA. Funded by the EU (Nativ et al., 1999).

Groundwater contamination, monitoring and remediation in fractured chalk, northwest Europe.

Carried out under the 5th framework of the EU and coordinated by Erik Nygaard from the Danish Geological Survey. Other participants included Jens Amand from the Danish Geological Survey, Ian Gale, Ann Williams and John Bloomfield from the British Geological Survey, Barbara Reichert, the University of Bonn, Heinz Hoezl from Karlsruhe University and Eilon Adar from the Ben Gurion University (Nativ et al., 2003).

The impact of the city of Ramalla's enhanced growth on the underlying and nearby groundwater.

Carried out with Marwan Hassan. Other partners include Chris Liebengut and Jens Lang (University of Freiburg), the late Asher Schick (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem), Abdel Rahman Tamimi and Samar Michael Husary (PHG, Palestinian Authority). Mor Salus completed her M.Sc. thesis as part of this project. Funding of the Ramalla project was granted by the DFG, Germany.

 

Dahan, O., Nativ, R., Adar, E. M. and Berkowitz, B. 2001. Water flow and solute transport in unsaturated fractured chalk. In: Flow and Transport Through Unsaturated Fractured Rock, (eds. by D. D. Evans, T. J. Nicholson, and T. C. Rasmussen), Geophys. Mon. Ser. Vol. 42 2nd Edition.

Berkowitz, B., Nativ, R., and Adar, E. 2001. Evaluation of conceptual and quantitative models of fluid flow and chemical transport in fractured media. In: Conceptual Models of Flow and Transport in the Fractured Vadose Zone, National Research Council, National Academy Press, pp. 115-147.

Polak, A., Nativ, R., and Wallach, R. 2002. Matrix diffusion in northern Negev fractured chalk and its correlation to porosity. J. Hydrol. 268:203-213.

Nativ, R., Adar, E. Asaf, L. and Nygaard, E. 2003. Characterization of the hydraulic properties of fractures in chalk. Ground Water 41:532-543.

Polak, A., Nativ, R., and Wallach, R. 2003. Measurements and modeling of diffusion and back-diffusion using computerized tomography. Water Resources Research 39(4), 1106, doi: 10.1029/2001wrr000813, 2003.

Adar, E. and Nativ, R. 2003. Isotopes as tracers in a contaminated fractured chalk aquitard. J. Cont. Hydrol. 60.

Polak, A., Grader, A., Wallach, R, and Nativ, R. 2003. Tracer diffusion from a horizontal fracture into the surrounding matrix: measurement by computed tomography. J. Cont. Hydrol. 67:95-112.

Asaf, L., Nativ, R., Shain, D., Hassan, M. and Geyer, S. 2004. Controls on the chemical and isotopic compositions of urban stormwater in a semiarid zone. J. Hydrol. 294:270-293. [View Paper]

Nativ, R. 2004. Can the desert bloom? Lessons learnt from the Israeli case. Ground Water42:651-657.

Arnon, S., Adar, E., Ronen, Z.,Yakirevich, A. and Nativ, R. 2005. Impact of microbial activity on the hydraulic properties of fractured chalk. J. Cont. Hydrol. 76:315-336.

Arnon, S., Adar, E., Ronen, Z., Nejidat, A., Yakirevich, A., and Nativ, R. 2005. Biodegradation of 2,4,6-Tribromophenol during transport in fractured chalk. Env. Sci. & Tech. 39:748-755.

Asaf, L., Nativ, R., Hassan, M. A., Shain, D., Geyer, S., and Ziv, B. 2005. Influence of small- and large- scale variables on the chemical and isotopic compositions of urban rainwater, Ashdod, Israel. J. Geophysical Research 110:D11307.

Kurtzman, D., Nativ, R. and Adar, E.M. 2005. The conceptulization of a channel network through macroscopic analysis of pumping and tracer tests in fractured chalk. J. Hydrol.309:241-257.

Kurtzman, D., Nativ, R., and Adar, E. 2005. Correlating fracture trends and hydraulic head using semivariogram cloud analysis. Ground Water 43:250-258.

Arnon, S., Adar, E., Ronen, Z., Yakirevich, A., and Nativ, R. 2005. Two-dimensional distribution of microbial activity and flow patterns within naturally fractured chalk. J. Cont. Hydrol.79:165-186.

Weiss, M., Rubin, Y., Adar, E. and Nativ, R. 2006. Fracture and bedding plane control on groundwater flow in a chalk aquitard. Hydrogeology Journal 14:1081-1093.

Bernstein, A., Adar, E.M., Yakirevich, A. and Nativ, R. 2007. Dilution tests in a low-permeability fractured aquifer: Matrix diffusion effect. Ground Water45:235-241.

Rimon,Y., Dahan, O., Nativ, R. and Geyer, S. 2007. Water percolation through the deep vadose zone and groundwater recharge: preliminary results based on a new vadose-zone monitoring system. Water Resources Research 43:WO5402, doi:10.1029/2006WR004855).

Kurtzman, D., Nativ, R. and Adar, E. 2007. Flow and transport predictions during multi-borehole tests in fractured chalk using discrete fracture network models. Hydrogeology Journal DOI-10.1007/s10040-007-2005-x (published on line).

Kurzman, D., Nativ, R. and Adar, E.M. 2007. Flow and transport predictions during multi-borehole tests in fractured chalk using discrete fracture network models. Hydrogeology Journal (accepted. Manuscript No. HJ-2007-0515.R1).